The faLLen Angels wanT HiM!

I pull up to a stoplight and go over a bridge to turn left into the New Albany Country Club (NACC) by way of Greensward road. I note white fences and the construction of patio homes that are different in terms of the number of stories, but the Georgian style still sticks out somewhat. There is a land plot for sale that is 55 acres in size and asking for $3,000,000. Land in New Albany is notoriously expensive. I choose to venture past both the patio homes and the land plot because they do not seem all that important to me, so I kept driving on Greensward toward a small community of ten symmetrical brick mansions aptly called Tensweep, where most of the houses have two to four chimneys. I continue driving and see the NACC golf course on my right as I pull into a neighborhood called The Crescent. At this point in my journey, I realize that uniformity is a characteristic of New Albany. The houses have a dress code, but I am unsure whether it is oppressive or supportive. While the houses look similar from a distance, getting close to them reveals subtleties in their designs, echoing one another. There is a gated community on my right called Edge of Woods. The houses are not more ornate. They just lay behind gates. I think that some people prefer extra security given the opulence of their exterior architecture. This community might be a key to better understanding New Albany, but its gates were closed, so I could not take a closer look.

[imgur] [link to imgur.com (secure)]

4XXX Tensweep New Albany, OH 43054
Next, I ride past the New Albany Country Club and come to a four-way roundabout. Some of the NACC outbuildings are modeled after barns to pay homage to New Albany’s roots as a rural farming town. Instead of land being populated with corn and soybean fields, people grow themselves in their homes, the large corporate campuses that make up the business park, and centralized public schools. New Albany is still in the nascent stages of its development even though construction has been going on for over 30 years, many of the planted trees are smaller than they would be in an older affluent community, but some are starting to mature to the point where they are becoming taller than the houses whose driveways they mark and frame.
New Albany is an assiduously master-planned community reminiscent of Old England. It has about 11,000 people, takes pride in its status as a top-notch suburb, and markets itself as a tight-knit community with an idyllic atmosphere for living and working. Some years ago, it was ranked as the #1 suburb in the United States by Business Insider. Given that, New Albany is worthy of attention from academics interested in functionalism. The functionalist school of thought “‘looks for the part (function) that some aspects of culture or social life plays in maintaining a cultural system.’” (Dish, Hossain, Mustari & Ramli 2014, 159) Usually, classical anthropologists focus on old places such as Papua New Guinea. New Albany is a suburban oasis far removed from PNG, close to home, and highly developed. With its stately abodes, many street names pay homage to places in the present-day United Kingdom. Equally, or more important than street names and aesthetics in the overall quality of a suburb is the diversity of its population in terms of race as well as how well off it is in terms of income and wealth, both of which work together to create a semblance of higher status or social standing.
Theoretically, New Albany is worthy of an anthropological gaze because...well, it speaks for itself.
New Albany did not happen by accident. It was carefully researched, considered, deliberated. Everything from traffic flow to flight path to environmental impact was [dissected, discussed, and defended.] The country’s best land planners, architects, and designers were retained. Their excitement grew and became contagious. Several dropped all other assignments sensing they were working on something of real permanence Perhaps the most beautiful rural landscape ever to grace the midwest.
Regarding race, New Albany is a predominantly white community. 8.2 percent of residents are Black or African American, 0.5% are Asian, and 1.8 percent of the white population has hispanic heritage. The median household income is $203,194, which is astronomically high anywhere in the U.S., but in Ohio, a number like that is virtually unheard of for a town as big as New Albany in terms of its population. Consider the cities of Bexley and Upper Arlington, which have populations of 13,786 and 35,299 people, and $109,036 and $123,548 in annual income, respectively. In addition to the residents' large disposable incomes, the town's residents have also amassed sizable nest eggs, as evidenced by the median home value of $497,000. (Bexley city, Ohio and Upper Arlington, Ohio United States Census Bureau) Many of the residents are long-term homeowners, so they have accumulated substantial equity in the real estate they have invested their money into over the 5 to 30 years they have lived within its confines. While it is not possible to comment on the specifics of their financial standing, there is a wealth of information about Les Wexner, who is one of the founders of modern-day New Albany.
Wexner, himself, is a billionaire, and that rarefied socio-economic position lent him the ability to masterplan and fashion New Albany as an enclave for the wealthy and powerful just outside Columbus. In addition to dabbling in urban design, he has retail prowess, which enabled him to build a multi-billion-dollar corporation and amass an enormous quantity of social capital on his secluded path to wealth and power. His name is nearly ubiquitous in Columbus, most prominently displayed on the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, to which he, his wife Abigail, and children Harry, Hannah, David, and Sarah are benefactors. Wexner personally donated $100 million because it is his alma mater and is one of the city's economic engines. While he lives in a house whose cost to build is confidential, he has given back to his community publicly in ways like no one else in the Columbus region and serves as a role model for other entrepreneurs and philanthropists (Ashford and Woodfield, 2021). His affinity for Ohio State University and understanding of its role in Central Ohio’s future success is part and parcel of being a good alumnus and steward of and for social institutions that facilitate the continued functioning of a community. According to the New Albany Company, the town is a proud supporter of the Columbus Regional Growth Strategy. The CRGS is also known as One Columbus. OC, the 11-county Columbus Region's economic development organization, has unveiled its new brand and strategic plan for the future. Its mission is as follows: “The One Columbus mission is to lead a comprehensive regional growth strategy that develops and attracts the world's most competitive companies, grows a highly adaptive workforce, prepares our communities for the future, and inspires corporate, academic, and public innovation throughout the 11-county Columbus Region.” In other words, it seeks to grow the wealth of the city by improving the frequency and quality of collaboration.
Wealth is not always what we think it is in modern-day society. It goes beyond money into the domain of assets. “Bronislaw Malinowski stressed the economistic failure entailed in associating all objects of value with ‘money’ or ‘currency’ Trobriand shell valuables were of a different order than the purely economic, as they involved such cultural values as fame and status, well-being, health and overseas aristocratic networks” (Rakopoulos and Rio, 2018, 275). New Albany’s version of this would be its housing stock. New Albany uses its wealth, and the power derivative of it to exercise control over its environment, is through property taxes. In New Albany, they are exorbitant and have made owning land and the ability to buy land within its jurisdiction a privilege that is derived from having access to vast sums of “capital, money, property or commodities” (Rakopoulos & Rio 2019, 276). In a survey conducted in 2018, “27 percent listed taxes, especially property taxes, as the top issue when listing the two highest priorities for city officials...Eighty-nine percent of those surveyed said that property taxes were a problem, with 56 percent saying it was a major problem and 33 percent saying it was a minor problem.” (Sole 2018) But New Albany can’t just charge its residents a lot to live through burdensome taxation. It has to give something to get it.
The property-tax revenue goes to a variety of agencies, according to the report: the Alcohol, Drug and Mental Health Board of Franklin County, Columbus and Franklin County Metro Parks, the Columbus Metropolitan Library, the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Eastland-Fairfield Career & Technical Schools, the Franklin County Board of Developmental Disabilities, Franklin County Children’s Services, the Franklin County general fund, the Franklin County Office on Aging, the New Albany-Plain Local School District, the New Albany-Plain Local Joint Parks District, the city of New Albany and the Plain Township Fire Department.
The school district receives the greatest share. (Sole 2018)
All of these things serve a function in the broader community.
Depending on how wealth is theorized, one could actually say that New Albany gives wealth in exchange for wealth, such that wealth begets wealth. This is consistent with Lewis Mumford’s definition of the term, which he says is:
“the opposite of misery, mutilation, destruction, terror, starvation and death as in the ‘production’ of a war. Wealth...is by contrast the non-material outcomes of productive processes such as social heritage, art and sciences and knowledge, play, adventure and drama; in short wealth is life itself: ‘what we call wealth is in fact wealth only when it is a sign of potential or actual vitality’” (Mumford [1934] 2010, 378).
The same survey said that most residents said New Albany was a good place to live, with 61 percent rating the city as ‘excellent’ and 30 percent rating it as ‘very good.’” “99 percent said they felt safe living in New Albany, with 86 percent agreeing strongly that they felt safe and 13 percent agreeing somewhat. Given that most of the property taxes go to the New Albany school district, I want to briefly discuss the role of education in privilege production. However, it is also essential to get to know Les Wexner before going on. He is widely regarded as one of the fathers of New Albany.
Before billionaire Les Wexner built his house, which stands about a ¼ mile from the road behind a white-picket fence, a gate, and security barn for visitors, New Albany was composed of farms. Instead of land populated with corn and soybeans, people now grow themselves in their homes, the large corporate campuses that make up the business park, and the aesthetically beautiful public school campus.

Despite having top-rated public schools, many of New Albany’s residents send their children to private schools in the area, namely Columbus Academy, a school that was founded in 1911. Its motto is “In Quest of the Best.” I’m not 100% sure if they were alluding to this, but given the stated mission of the school and the background of its founders, it implies that it has a connection to the American ruling class, aristocracy, or Patricius. It serves them and the broader populace by ensuring that its ruling citizens are the best by cultivating aristocratic values in their student populations. The Greek, aristokristia, means ‘rule by the best’ or ‘of the best.’ This is what New Albany and the corporate executives, entrepreneurs, eclectic personalities and families who reside there already are or striving to become. Their mentality reflects the symmetrical brick, grand, and authoritative newly-built estates and townhomes that pepper this exclusive suburb of Columbus. More useful knowledge can be ascertained through the school’s mascot, the Viking. In 1066, William the Conquerer was a Norseman descended from the Vikings, led the “Norman invasion of England in 1066,” that resulted in a “military occupation and the creation of a new aristocracy. Rewarding his vassals with seized estates,” he ordered that all of the should remain “undivided” and be passed down “to the eldest male” in the family, as a part of a patrimonial system for inheriting wealth termed primogeniture. (Starr 2011, 40). Primogeniture is an old aristocratic rule. Now, patrimonial systems of inheritance are less common. “...inheritance thus serve as a means of oligarchic entrenchment, perpetuating a dominant class of wealth holders.” (Starr 2018, 3) However, Once again, wealth isn’t all about money as the concept of it is diverse. Its conceptualization varies significantly. There are places with cultural histories where the word begs for a “deeper exploration” of wealth. For example, Viking wealth was associated with the aristocratic and royal realm” and that place where wealth resides was highly “removed from the lives of the lower classes.” (Rakopoulos & Rio 2018, 277). Similar to the stark wealth gap between the rich and poor in the United States, there is also a power gap as wealth is positively correlated with power in the U.S..
Power in New Albany lies in the architecture. There is a reason that wealthy and powerful people use Georgian architecture. Symmetry, proportion, and scale are predominant in this architectural expression style but not necessarily native.
“Georgian is usually taken as a stylistic shorthand for the classical palladianism of mid- to late-eighteenth-century elite properties...it was not until the twentieth century that Georgian was deployed as a term to encapsulate an aesthetic tradition and to denote certain elements of style in the same way that more established labels such as Baroque, neo-classicism and , subsequently, modernism were used.” They are understated. “Georgian...was claimed as an architectural tradition that was associated with clean lines and cohesive interior and exterior schemes, a stylistic precursor to modernism” (Greig & Riello 2007, 275)
The beauty is in the symmetry and unity at the center of the buildings. A video on Youtube goes into detail about the Golden ratio. He talks about it as a naturally occurring phenomenon that is evident in plants such as sunflowers. They use the perfect square as a starting point, and it is the details that are golden sectioned or have golden sectioned relationships. The explainer veers away from using the term magic after mentioning it to describe how Georgian architecture works for elites and instead comments on the subtleties and how they come together to create a pleasing aesthetic worthy of appreciation. Even though New Albany's mansions are grand, they do not try to stand out and catch every passerby's attention. They are "high art." Georgian mansions are to McMansions as symphonies are to pop music. By being hungry for them, they submit to it because Georgian architecture allows its consumption but becomes the consumer who is consuming it. Whether the relationship is parasitic, mutualistic, or an example of commensalism is another question.
Paul Jones makes a subtle allusion by alleging that "the consecrated elite of architects still 'find themselves under the sway of the entire range (conscious and unconscious) of interpellative codings at work in architecture.' From this perspective architects are recipients of the rules of the field who respond to the contexts in which they find themselves in ways that seem to make sense from those positions; in other words…architects design buildings but not within conditions of their own making." (Jones 2011, 15). They also lose some of their power by engaging in 'symbolic violence,' which Bourdieu, according to Jones, says is "a 'gentle, invisible violence, unrecognized as such, chosen as much as undergone (Bourdieu 1990: 127). Symbolic violence is the process through which the constitutive
“'force-field' effect of the field comes to seem normal, fair, and taken for granted. It involves the attachment of legitimacy and value to a particular aesthetic or practice within the field. The more that this process is hidden from sight and left unchallenged, the more powerful it is in reproducing dominance."
Georgian architecture's symbolic violence' has repeatedly been produced in New Albany by the white picket fences that stand in stark contrast to the abodes' Georgian architecture. They work in tandem to form a metaphysical force-field. I think the white fences show that there are high barriers to living in New Albany, but historically they are also associated with prosperity. In this way, the white fences reinforce the fact that New Albany is affluent. They also give off a sense of security while still being open to outsiders. After all, anything can fit themselves through it or throw themselves over it. They are not insurmountable. The mansions behave similarly, but it is more important to remember that New Albany will only continue to be what it is now if it continues to take care of itself. Performing repairs and whitewashing the white fences is a 3-year ritual that maintains New Albany’s equestrian farm aesthetic.
The New Albany Country Club Association is “committed” to the upkeep of the “9 miles of 3 rail horse fence” over a “[3-year] cycle.” “Care and maintenance” are essential to “upholding the aesthetic value of [their] community.” However, they are also contributing to the maintenance of the symbolic violence that is derivative of those white fences, which are somewhat representative of the people who populate the homes in New Albany Country Club Communities. Not all of them are white, but of the 3,600 people who live in them, the vast majority are, though I can only say so based on observation. There are no published demographics that detail racial statistics for the New Albany Country Club alone. Still, of the whole city, which just over 11,000 people populate, nearly 80% are caucasian. As the population has increased, its financial state has improved. New Albany’s residents are getting richer, not poorer, presumably because the incomes of those who already live there are increasing.
The augmenting of their power, provided a strong foundation, is giving those who possess it more and more “control over the economy.” The New Albany Country Club is an upper class enclave made up of more than a dozen subdivisions, but it is possible to be more specific. Rather than being just a haven for the new and old rich, it has a certain stateliness or majestic charm that signals it is meant for the ruling class, not the merely affluent. It takes itself seriously. New Albany has mobilized Columbus’s wealthiest and most powerful citizens into an aristocratic conglomerate of nobility that looks like it is set on taking over the whole world, albeit patiently. Right now, New Albany is primarily investing in itself through the construction of more homes, corporate campuses, and data centers. Its residents have set aside money in Georgian houses, which serve as forced savings accounts, that pay tribute to a past time “in anticipation of the future good” (Rakopoulos & Rio 2019, 280).
Even though wealth appears to be static, “[f]ixed capital…[such] as a house can be a place of work or a dwelling (see Marx 1978b; 282;1994). This ‘waiting’ aspect of capital is crucial to understanding the development and maintenance of New Albany. Much of the amassed wealth returns profit and contributes to the [local] economy while seemingly remaining static.” Riches mature “through time.” Time has implications for class.
Lloyd Warner conducted studies along with his “associates” that “ran counter to the myth of a classless United States” and “followed a tradition of community culture studies that began in 1907 with James William’s An American Town…,and included fieldwork in agricultural communities directed by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics (45). His scholarship focused on a “small New England town” called “Newburyport” and operated under the
“assumption that modern industrial societies...are centered around common values and symbolic structures. Looking for an integrated principle analogous to kinship in primitive societies, he thought first of money, but experience in Newburyport pointed from money to class, perhaps because the upper class was no longer very wealthy and the wealthy not properly upper class” (Smith 1984, 468).
In other words, class boundaries in the United States have become blurred. In the second part of his first volume, Warner revealed his work as focusing on the “positional structure of the community. Professor Warner...naturally seized upon class position as the central key to this structure...because class involves every member of the community more directly and inclusively than any other part of the social organization.” Everyone has a place in the class system. That place is constitutive of the broader “community’s final opinion of [them],” though they aren’t always aware of their position.
“Participants” in the study of Newburyport “argued that the invisible nature of privilege serves a self-protecting role, to ensure its [continuity]. Those with privilege were seen as frequently assuming that their experiences were attainable by all and shrouded in a range of frequently unquestioned cultural discourses of meritocracy, individual choice and blame” (Boller 2009, 37).
They also asserted that there is little incentive to see one’s privilege in a society which through diverse mechanisms, particularly discursive forms, obscures or conceals the structural nature of disadvantage. Moreover, it is hard to see through privilege once it is naturalized because it fashions a mirage through the social intercourse of wealth and power, which are two inputs needed to create privilege.
With its higher-than-average population of business, non-profit, and political leaders, New Albany is leading the rest of the metropolitan area towards the #1 position on the national stage as a city by setting up seven goals for itself according to the homepage of the New Albany Company website:
- Become a “nationally recognized master-planned community surrounded by meadows, woodlands, and waterways
- Maintain a business climate with an entrepreneurial spirit that drives commerce in a 4,000-acre Business park
- “Stately Georgian architecture in an understated palette”
- Produce and disseminate “pedestrian-friendly amenities that encourage interaction”
- Have “a village square with a library, healthy living centers, arts center, restaurants, and shops”
- Fund “a nationally ranked school system on a 200-acre learning community campus”
- Bring neighborhoods together “with parks and over 36 miles of leisure trails”
These seven goals are an informal blueprint. The New Albany Company has just the “right mix of assets” and purports to know what makes a community “fashionable:
- Pedestrian-friendly
- Connectivity
- Mixed use and diversity
- Versatile residential choices
- Quality architecture
- Traditional neighborhoods
- Sustainability
- Quality of life” (New Albany Homeowners Association)
At New Albany’s “core are distinctive features that reflect new urbanism. New Urbanism is a planning and development approach based on the principles of how cities and towns had been built for the last several centuries: walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public spaces. In other words: New Urbanism focuses on human-scaled urban design (Congress for the new urbanism)
In this way, New Albany is weird. Strict regulatory standards limit the possible designs that a person could choose when constructing a new home. From the houses, plants in a garden, the streets, to lawns' maintenance, New Albany is a regulatory paradise. These rules outlined by the New Albany Homeowners Association congeal to produce a bubble similar to the orange one that describes the orange bubble that cuts off Princeton University from the rest of the world. It is almost entirely exempt from the day-to-day ups and downs that those who are not a part of the economic, political, and academic elite have to deal with every day. The suburban insulation is not necessarily troublesome, but history shows the subtle ways class divides and disconnects between the aristocrats and commoners slowly breed animosity in the broader population and lead to violence. Wealthy people isolating themselves is not necessarily a good thing. It is an easy road to traverse given expert driving skills, but it is nearly impossible to turn around, and there are few exits; however, New Albany appears to know this based on the constant presence of white fences throughout its boundaries. Similar communities aren’t quite like this.
A McMansion is formally defined by David Salomon in Research Notes: Toward a History of the Suburban Driveway, as an innovative and "large-scale exurban house" with a "dramatically designed" garage (Salomon 2017, 94).
"Whether these massive houses are built on small lots or on gigantic exurban sites, the driveway is conspicuous. Even when McMansions are more densely packed onto smaller lots, their driveways become large, rectangular paved surfaces that take up much of a property's street frontage, leaving relatively little space for other landscape elements. Like the houses they sit in front of, these driveways appear out of scale with the streets they face. They are found adjacent to McMansions located on large, exurban sites that harken back to those found on early twentieth-century estates."
They have made the driveway a "highly designed, highly differentiated status symbol." (Salomon 2017, 94). New Albany tries to avoid having "treets lined with such homes that are framed by what appears at times in other ritzy suburbs to be a continuous wall of garage doors...As scholar Penelope Dean has noted, the generic aesthetic found" in McMansion developments "does not indicate an indifference to design. Rather, it is a form of extreme or total design, a form that champions sameness over difference," or rather homogeneity instead of heterogeneity (Salomon 2017, 95). Before delving more into the driveway" as a "suburban [space] subject to collective control," it is the house that the driveway sits in front of in New Albany that deserves more examination since it is visually dominating. Houses capture the attention of passerby, not the driveway. They are "cultural artifact" that are "emblematic component of the suburban landscape," which makes them "paradoxical" given that their omnipresence makes them almost invisible. Similar to how Clarence Stein and Henry Wright used "the design of the driveway to argue for, and...literally produce a uniform visual effect" (Salomon 2017, 90). Their goal in designing driveways for the "'Quadruple Block Plan and Perspective'" was to make it so there would be no "clear distinction between the surface of the streets, the alleyways, and the driveways leading to the garages” (Salomon 2017, 90).

Now you are full of shit.

New Albany takes an extended dark moment in American history and shows the world the light that was shrouded in the darkness that had a hold on the southern United States before the Civil War through the exploitation of African slaves. In essence, the city and its progenitors have edited history, and if not directly through the use of pen and paper by rewriting history textbooks, changed history through the addition of more content. It has framed the story of American slavery differently or added something else to an already existing frame. Instead of finishing the course of slavery, racism, discrimination, and antiblackness that America forces on all of its citizens to various degreess through the sphere of education...and that is the reason why it has been a stunning success. The developers accomplished their goal to "Build a community — not just another housing development or subdivision — but an entire community where the enduring traditions of 19th century towns create harmony between the buildings and the land and a distinctive sense of place for those who live and work there. Inspired by the great country communities of the world, international retail visionary Les Wexner and business and civic leader Jack Kessler did just that" (The New Albany Company: Community Builders). New Albany is for-profit and not for profit. It is also a plantation. Wexner lives in the big house. Its residents have separated themselves in a “domain from the domain of peasants.” This domain is that of privilege.
“Privilege refers to systematic and interpersonal advantage that works in concert with systemic discrimination and marginalization to produce population group differentials in access to, among other things, societal goods and services, and exposure to stressors (Frye 2003; Paradies 2006; Schulz 2006). In other words, it is:
“a special advantage...neither common nor universal...granted, not earned...a right or entitlement that is related to a preferred status or rank....exercised for the benefit of the recipient and to the exclusion or detriment of others...a privileged status is often outside of the awareness of the person possessing [it].” (Black and Stone 2005, 244)
In Maori culture one of the ways that privilege is “produced and maintained” through “education supports and quotas” (Boller 2009, 31), and fishing rights are frequently quoted examples and mechanisms by which Maori Privilege is produced and maintained. In that culture, privilege is a class marker that is positively correlated with fame and status, well-being, health and overseas aristocratic networks. Many would be remiss to say that New Albany is truly aristocratic. Instead, they might say that it is “[a]n elite of money and power, trying to be an aristocracy,” Though, not “constantly thwarted by democratic process.” (Smith 469). New Albany has been able to operate as a locality that offers an environment for the collection and promulgation of wealth, power, privilege, and the aristocratic values that are derivative of those three sociological and anthropological concepts. One input needed for the creation of an upper class city, power, emanates from Wexner’s ‘house.’ His house is New Albany’s point of origin.
New Albany is very aristocratic and does nothing to try to hide it except, of course, by being located in close proximity to Columbus, Ohio as opposed to New York City, Boston, Los Angeles, or Washington D.C.. It is still in the process of planting seeds and sowing them. In this regard, New Albany is sort of lucky. Being situated in the United States, a country that has greatly benefited from the “industrial revolution,” it has been given the opportunity to grow its wealth. Before the industrial revolution, when “economic growth [was] relatively slow, the inheritance of existing wealth tend[ed] to be correspondingly more important because opportunities for new accumulation [were] limited. And where the ownership of wealth is highly concentrated, political power is likely to be concentrated as well,” like it is in Washington D.C., and New York City to some extent. This is all according to Paul Starr, whose book, Entrenchment: Wealth, Power, and the Constitution of Democratic Societies, operates on the premise that “inherited wealth and power” can become so related that they become “all but indistinguishable.” (Starr 2019, 32). Early political figures in the U.S. such as “Thomas Jefferson and others in the late eighteenth-century...were convinced that a republic demanded not just the overthrow or monarchical power but a wide distribution of property among independent yeoman farmers” (Starr 2019, 32). Starr shows that these “revival theories of political entrenchment” ultimately have the “same premise: Strategic choices about rules determining the ownership of land—the most important form of wealth at the time—could solidify a regime and make it difficult to overturn” (Starr 2019, 33). One thing that Jefferson and his compatriots failed to anticipate was the “growth of industrial capitalism and the modern corporation” (Starr 2019, 34). In particular, how the wealth they fostered “would dwarf land and its owners” (Starr 2019, 34). New Albany in some ways is a child of industrial capitalism in that one of its founding fathers, Wexner, built his fortune based on the dynamics of that economic system. So, aristocracy, entrenching wealth, and building democratic societies is an “evolving political project” that has “requir[ed] new means to keep wealth’s power within bounds. (Starr 2019, 34) In this case, the bounds would be the borders of New Albany. Jefferson proposed a bill that “abolish[ed] tax support for the established church, which he called “the religion of the rich,” and a bill for public support of primary education—all had one underlying purpose. They formed “a system by which every fibre would be eradicated of [ancient] or future aristocracy, and a foundation laid for a government truly republican.” (Starr 2019, 51). In regards to the education aspect, the wealthy in America have managed to surpass this. While Jefferson’s bill gave “public support to primary education” it didn’t have anything to do with secondary education, where students’ performance will determine where they go to college in order to receive a higher education. One of the ways that New Albant reproduces and holds onto its wealth is through education.
The intercourse of wealth and power produced New Albany, but how? Also, what is maintaining it as a place where wealth and power can congeal to create a bubble of privilege? In conclusion, New Albany is a rarefied suburban space that caters to the wealthy, powerful, and privileged. It has made strategic choices such as maintaining its aesthetic value through the utilization of Georgian architecture and the ritual maintenance of its network of 3 rail horse fences, creating a connected community through leisure trails, and putting education first among other things that are conducive for the intelligent growth of a community. Despite the resemblance of Les Wexner’s estate to that of General Robert E. Lee’s birthplace, the city redeems itself. Although Wexner’s house is gargantuan, it seems like an afterthought given that it is hidden from the public. Though, it is Wexner’s wealth and the power derivative thereof that made the production of New Albany possible and his influence in the town is everywhere. It is committed to not just itself, but the wider community as one of the cornerstones of the One Columbus Regional Growth Plan Strategy. New avenues for growth are being explored in and outside of the borders of New Albany. Doing field work for this paper was challenging in the sense that I didn’t speak to and/or interview the residents of New Albany. Instead, I had to rely on my personal knowledge, which was produced by the people at Columbus Academy who call New Albany their hometown. As a conglomeration of wealth, power, and privilege, New Albany is making great strides relative to other cities that cater to families that possess those three things. As a growing city, it is concentrating wealth and increasing its control over the local economy and politics of Columbus. Its future is bright.
















Literature Cited
1. Smith, R. T. "Anthropology and the Concept of Social Class." Annual Review of Anthropology 13 (1984): 467-94. Accessed April 29, 2021. [link to www.jstor.org]
2. Pryor, F. L. "Inheritance and Inequality of Wealth: A Comment." Current Anthropology 51, no. 1 (2010): 111-13. Accessed April 29, 2021. doi:10.1086/649564.
3. Davis, K. American Journal of Sociology 48, no. 4 (1943): 511-13. Accessed April 29, 2021. [link to www.jstor.org]
4. Starr, P. (2019). "Aristocracy and Inherited Wealth." In Entrenchment: Wealth, Power, and the Constitution of Democratic Societies, 32-55. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2019. Accessed April 29, 2021. doi:10.2307/j.ctvgc6251.6.
5. Miller, Frank C. "Knowledge and Power: Anthropology, Policy Research, and the Green Revolution." American Ethnologist 4, no. 1 (1977): 190-98. Accessed April 29, 2021. [link to www.jstor.org]
6. Jones, P. (2011). Architecture, Power and Identities: Surveying the Field. In The Sociology of Architecture: Constructing Identities (pp. 11-26). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt5vjjpk.6
7. David S. (2017). Research Notes: Toward a History of the Suburban Driveway. Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum, 24(2), 85-99. doi:10.5749/buildland.24.2.0085
8. Borell, B., Gregory, A., McCreanor, T., Jensen, V., & Barnes, H. (2009). "It's Hard at the Top but It's a Whole Lot Easier than Being at the Bottom:" The Role of Privilege in Understanding Disparities in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts, 3(1), 29-50. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from [link to www.jstor.org]
9. Greig, H., & Riello, G. (2007). Eighteenth-Century Interiors-Redesigning the Georgian: Introduction. Journal of Design History, 20(4), 273-289. Retrieved May 1, 2021, from [link to www.jstor.org]
10. Clammer, J. (2017). What (if anything) can economic anthropology say to neoliberal development? Toward new anthropologies of capitalism and its alternatives. Dialectical Anthropology, 41(2), 97-112. Retrieved May 4, 2021, from [link to www.jstor.org]
11. Ortner, S. (1998). Identities: The Hidden Life of Class. Journal of Anthropological Research, 54(1), 1-17. Retrieved May 4, 2021, from [link to www.jstor.org]
12. Diah, N. et al (2014). An Overview of the Anthropological Theories. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 10(1), 155-164. Retrieved May 4, 2021, from [link to ijhssnet.com]
13. Black, L. & Stone, D. (2005). Expanding the Definition of Privilege: The Concept of Social Privilege. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development. 33. 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2005.tb00020.x.
14. Ashford, Ben, and Greg Woodfield. “Victoria's Secret Mogul Les Wexner Let Former Friend Jeffrey Epstein Abuse Girls at His Mansion.” Daily Mail Online, Associated Newspapers, 15 Jan. 2021, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9148553/Victorias-Secret-mog​ul-Les-Wexner-let-former-friend-Jeffrey-Epstein-abuse-girls-m​ansion.html.
15. “Wexner, Limited Foundation to Give OSU $100 Million.” The Columbus Dispatch, The Columbus Dispatch, 16 Feb. 2011, www.dispatch.com/article/20110216/NEWS/302169713.
16. Leach, E. (1983). The Harvey Lecture Series. The Gatekeepers of Heaven: Anthropological Aspects of Grandiose Architecture. Journal of Anthropological Research, 39(3), 243-264. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from [link to www.jstor.org]
17. “Quick Facts Bexley City, Ohio.” United States Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, www.census.gov/quickfacts/bexleycityohio.
18. “Upper Arlington City, Ohio.” U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, www.census.gov/quickfacts/upperarlingtoncityohio.
19. Lindsley, John J. “Peggy McIntosh (1997: 291) Describes White Privilege as 'an Invisible Package of Unearned Assets'.” Medium, Medium, 10 Jan. 2017, medium.com/@JohnJLindsley/peggy-mcintosh-1997-291-describes-w​hite-privilege-as-an-invisible-package-of-unearned-assets-732​c671f5fb5.
20. “Community Builders.” The New Albany Company, The New Albany Company, newalbanycompany.com/.
21. “Founders.” Founders | The New Albany Company, The New Albany Company, newalbanycompany.com/about-us/founders/.
22. “Master Plan It's What Brings Us Together as a Community That Sets Us Apart.” Master Plan | The New Albany Company, The New Albany Company, newalbanycompany.com/master-plan/.
23. UKEssays. (November 2018). What Influenced Georgian Style and its Features?. Retrieved from [link to www.ukessays.com (secure)]
24. “New Albany Country Club.” The Raines Group | HER Realtors®, HER Realtors®, www.therainesgroup.com/neighborhood/new-albany-country-club.
25. Fraga, Robert. “Reaction Paper to A. E. Richardson's ‘Georgian Architecture.’” UFDC Home - All Collection Groups, University of Florida Digital Collections, ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00004270/00001/8j.
26. “Founders.” Founders | The New Albany Company, The New Albany Company, newalbanycompany.com/about-us/founders/.
27. Hutchinson, S. (2014). WHITE PICKET FENCES, WHITE INNOCENCE. The Journal of Religious Ethics, 42(4), 612-639. Retrieved May 6, 2021, from [link to www.jstor.org]
28. “White Picket Fences: A Classic American Symbol.” Cape Fear Fence & Fabrication, Cape Fear Fence & Fabrication, capefearfence.com/white-picket-fences-a-brief-history-of-an-a​merican-symbol/.
29. Ghose, Dave. “Columbus Real Estate: New Albany's New Era.” Columbus Monthly, Columbus Monthly, 1 July 2020, www.columbusmonthly.com/story/lifestyle/2020/07/01/columbus-r​eal-estate-new-albanys-new-era/115179522/.
30. “What Is New Urbanism?” CNU, Congress for the New Urbanism, 19 Dec. 2019, www.cnu.org/resources/what-new-urbanism.
31. “About Columbus Academy: Our Mission & Strategic Vision.” About Columbus Academy | Our Mission & Strategic Vision, Columbus Academy, www.columbusacademy.org/about.
32. “Nicki Minaj - Chun-Li.” Performance by Nicki Minaj, YouTube, YouTube, 4 May 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wpm07-BGJnE.
33. “The 1% Solution.” The Economist, The Economist Newspaper, www.economist.com/democracy-in-america/2011/04/15/the-1-solut​ion
34. Homebuilder and Renovating, director. What Defines Georgian Architecture? YouTube, YouTube, 26 June 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZz8zQe-zKU.
35. Speich G., Poster. The Jefferson Series "The Founding Fathers of New Albany, Ohio". YouTube, YouTube, 23 Feb. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMRaGT7PDTg&t=431s.
36. “Live Like a Local.” Living - New Albany, Ohio Economic Development, newalbanybusiness.org/resources/living/.
37. Emmerich, Roland, director. The Patriot. Columbia Pictures, 2000.
38. “Builders & Architects.” New Albany Country Club Community Association, www.naccchoa.org/builders-architects.
39. Ramdas, Kavita, et al. “Point-Counterpoint: Philanthrocapitalism.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, ssir.org/point_counterpoint/philanthrocapitalism.
40. “White Picket Fences: The History of an American Symbol.” James Fence Gate White Picket Fences The History of an American Symbol Comments, jamesfencecompany.com/white-picket-fences-the-history-of-an-a​merican-symbol/#:~:text=Colonial%20Beginnings,has%20colonial%​20beginnings%2C%20as%20well.
I pledge my honor that I have neither given nor received outside assistance on this assignment.

So ... New York huh?


What was it's previous name?

confused?

while i go take a break

a set up is a set up and your writer got set the fuck up...yet... it didnt have to be that way

the dog from the deep done stitch your writer like a quilt

and not one of you seems to either fathom it nor comprehend the detail

tssk tssk

i'm telling you donald trump wants everyone dead

and i mean everyone

he told you already he thinks he is thanos

problem is you think it's funny

from my pov, i hope you understand my sincere confounded condition

Old... Something?

Huntley is condemned, big bitch ass, hellbound Coward.

Huntley, you whore mother smells like shit imported from the Netherworld.

New Amsterdam

You fucking pussy.

[link to youtu.be (secure)]

Their you go, so, you went and mustered up the courage.

What's up bitch? How is your rotten pussy hellbound where mother doing?

Appearance: Slim til you get up close. Like the dude from Nickelback. ha

... Avril Lavigne ...

#144
[link to m.facebook.com (secure)]

Always the same. Someone tells some unwelcome truth so agents have to come in and bomb the thread and dilute it.

Happens every time, excepting when they are off duty. The best discussions on these topics are in the middle of the GLP night.

Always amusing, everyone wants what they want, but they want someone else to do it for them in most cases.

If you want something, learn to do it for yourself.

The Story of the Hero is often retold. It goes roughly like this, Some "Good People" are terrorized by "Bad People" so rather then the 160 of them in their small western town getting together and killing the 5 "Bad People" they hire some guy who is bad enough to Kill on their behalf for the "right reasons".

The good people wouldn't sully their hands doing the right thing, so they get someone else to do it and they call him a Hero for doing what they could have done, but wouldn't for themselves.

After he does the unpalatable deed they give him the bum's rush out of town, because he is not like them.

The people who want this N-body character to "get the bad guys" are just the same. A bunch of users who want everything but don't want to pay for it.

What happens when the Hero grows up and sees the people who pretend to be his best friend until after he did what they wanted were never his friend, never interested in him, just what he could do for them?

He refuses to help them to help them learn to help themselves. Instead of giving them a fish everyday, they can learn to fish themselves.

equal feminine side
will appear also bit physically
that will make ... look vulnurable
will make like super regular guy that can break easily
will make like just no..dy
beard (nope)

color will embodies combine balance of most people
which syncly like earth soil color represent the all color
white+black+yellow+red

of course just .... opinion

after all green will grow
as color of will is green

Leo Sayer - (I Can Dance)

[link to www.youtube.com (secure)]

Also the color of boogers :P

How come after all these years most still don't get that the key to Freedom even in a prison is the Way of the Christ Jesus? The Way is contained in His 4 Gospels.

Not everyone can See to the same extent. Jesus pulled the disciples aside for VIP, but that didn't mean the crowd wasn't saved. It's just not for everyone at a particular stage of development. It's all God's call. We did not earn our sight, always remember.

It is surprising Movie and maybe poke by greater realm
to make Him bit smile or remember

create a sync

about appearance


if we push time further to the past in his youth
same age as this movie main hero
is bit more like her (but the female version)
her in the movie also has male like appearance (reverse)
(When her look at the mirror)

also surprising is the hero is Eleven (11 = 4+7or 7+4)

I’ll be honest, it’s not looking good for them. Tough break indeed.

Colossians 2:15

When He had disarmed the rulers and authorities, He made a public display of them, having triumphed over them through Him.

All throughout The Holy Writings.

Adhering to what Jesus stated is life eternal as opposed to death eternal.

He is quite the looker to beautiful ladies.
What the fuck are you taking about?

Lucifer was all like, let’s ditch Heaven and create our own world! He somehow convinced a bunch of other angels to leave heaven and fall into this shit show too. Like lemmings.